An attempt will be made to study and analyze together the historical context, phases, protagonists, documents, events and consequences of this famous ‘case’. Outline: 1. Background: Aristotle and Ptolemy, Copernicus; 2. Galileo: The Sidereus Nuntius; the Copernican Letters; the ‘first trial’ (1616); the Dialogue Concerning the Greatest Systems of the World; the ‘second trial’ (1633); 3. Subsequent history: the ‘black legend’ about the ‘Galileo Case’; the recent review of the case by the Church; current positions.